Canonical and non‑canonical signaling downstream of TGF‑β1, such as Smad3 and mitogen‑activated necessary protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, were investigated tubastatina inhibitor by evaluating the phosphorylation levels of Smad3, extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2, p38 MAPK and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase. The outcome indicated that ATV dra…[Read more]