On the other hand, mice treated with corn oil showed changes in bacterial community adhered to the ileum, as well as changes in the mRNA expression of intestinal permeability-related and ileal mucosa-associated immune response genes. Overall, results of this study suggest that the type of rodent species and vehicle used in toxicological risk assessments of xenobiotics studies should be taken into consideration in the experimental setup and study design.Our current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on canalization of the plant hormone auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. By comparison, how auxin biosynthesis affects leaf vein patterning is less well understood. Here, after observing that inhibiting polar auxin transport rescues the sparse leaf vein phenotype in auxin biosynthesis mutants, we propose that the processes of auxin biosynthesis and cellular auxin efflux work in concert during vein development. By using computational modeling, we show that localized auxin maxima are able to interact with mechanical forces generated by the morphological constraints which are imposed during early primordium development. This interaction is able to explain four fundamental characteristics of midvein morphology in a growing leaf (i) distal cell division; (ii) coordinated cell elongation; (iii) a midvein positioned in the center of the primordium; and (iv) a midvein which is distally branched. Domains of auxin biosynthetic enzyme expression are not positioned by auxin canalization, as they are observed before auxin efflux proteins polarize. This suggests that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, as regulated by the balanced action of cellular auxin efflux and local auxin biosynthesis, is crucial for leaf vein formation.Despite mitigation attempts, the trajectory of climate change remains on an accelerated path, with devastating health impacts. As a response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change call for National Adaptation Plans, Peru has developed a national and decentralized regional adaptation plans. The purpose of this article is to understand the role and priority status of health within the adaptation planning and process. Peru was used as a case study to analyse the policy process in the creation of adaptation plans, encompassing the need to address climate change impacts on health with a particular focus on marginalized people. An actor, content and context policy analyses were conducted to analyse 17 out of 25 regional adaptation plans, which are available. compound library chemical The national adaptation plans (2002, 2015) do not include health as a priority or health adaptation strategies. In a decentralized health care system, regional plans demonstrate an increased improvement of complexity, systematization and structure over time (2009-17). In general, health has not been identified as a priority but as another area of impact. There is no cohesiveness between plans in format, content, planning and execution and only a limited consideration for marginalized populations. In conclusion, the regional departments of Peru stand on unequal footing regarding adapting the health sector to climate change. Findings in the strategies call into question how mitigation and adaption to climate change may be achieved. The lack of local research on health impacts due to climate change and a particular focus on marginalized people creates a policy vacuum. The Peruvian case study resembles global challenges to put health in the centre of national and regional adaptation plans. In-depth cross-country analysis is still missing but urgently needed to learn from other experiences.The utilization of community health worker (CHW) programmes to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes has become widely applied in low- and middle-income countries. While current research has focused on discerning the effect of these interventions, documenting the process of implementing, scaling and sustaining these programmes has been largely ignored. Here, we focused on the implementation of the Safer Deliveries CHW programme in Zanzibar, a programme designed to address high rates of maternal and neonatal mortality by increasing rates of health facility delivery and postnatal care visits. The programme was implemented and brought to scale in 10 of 11 districts in Zanzibar over the course of 3 years by D-tree International and the Zanzibar Ministry of Health. As the programme utilized a mobile app to support CHWs during their visits, a rich data resource comprised of 133 481 pregnancy and postpartum home visits from 41 653 women and 436 CHWs was collected, enabling the evaluation of numerous measures related to intervention fidelity and health outcomes. Utilizing the framework of Steckler et al., we completed a formal process evaluation of the primary intervention, CHW home visits to women during their pregnancy and postpartum period. Our in-depth analysis and discussion will serve as a model for process evaluations of similar CHW programmes and will hopefully encourage future implementers to report analogous measures of programme performance.ABSTRACTThis study compared Ti, Pd, Pt, Au ion release following induced accelerated tribocorrosion from 3 gold alloy abutment groups coupled to titanium implants over time; investigated contacting surface structural changes; and explored the effect of gold plating. Three abutment groups G (n=8, GoldAdaptTM, Nobel Biocare®), N (n=8, cast UCLA, Biomet3i™), P (n=8, cast UCLA, Biomet3i™, gold plated), coupled to implants (Nobel Biocare®), immersed in 1% lactic acid were cyclically loaded. Ions released (ppb) at T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , simulating 3, 5 and 12 months function were quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared. Surface degradation and fretted particle composition after T 3 were evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). ICP-MS data was non-parametric, expressed as medians and interquartile ranges. SEM/EDX showed pitting, crevice corrosion and fretted particles on the components. Released ion concentrations in all groups across time significantly decreased for Pd (p less then 0.