tially between March and May 2020, suggesting a large number of patients have undiagnosed conditions. A rebound in future workload could be imminent as COVID-19 restrictions ease and patients with undiagnosed conditions or delayed diagnosis present to primary and secondary health-care services. Such services should prioritise the diagnosis and treatment of these patients to mitigate potential indirect harms to protect public health.

National Institute of Health Research.

National Institute of Health Research.Necroptosis induction in vitro often requires caspase-8 (Casp8) inhibition by zVAD because pro-Casp8 cleaves RIP1 to disintegrate the necrosome. It has been unclear how the Casp8 blockade of necroptosis is eliminated naturally. Here, we show that pro-Casp8 within the necrosome can be inactivated by phosphorylation at Thr265 (pC8T265). pC8T265 occurs in vitro in various necroptotic cells and in the cecum of TNF-treated mice. p90 RSK is the kinase of pro-Casp8. It is activated by a mechanism that does not need ERK but PDK1, which is recruited to the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-containing necrosome. Phosphorylation of pro-Casp8 at Thr265 can substitute for zVAD to permit necroptosis in vitro. pC8T265 mimic T265E knockin mice are embryonic lethal due to unconstrained necroptosis, and the pharmaceutical inhibition of RSK-mediated pC8T265 diminishes TNF-induced cecum damage and lethality in mice by halting necroptosis. Thus, phosphorylation of pro-Casp8 at Thr265 by RSK is an intrinsic mechanism for passing the Casp8 checkpoint of necroptosis.Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) technologies are routinely used by radiation therapists (RTs) in clinical departments. However, there is limited literature on the acquisition and assessment of IGRT image-matching competencies in undergraduate educational environments. This commentary paper aims to share the authors’ experiences in the development of teaching IGRT and image-matching concepts in an undergraduate radiation therapy programme. It outlines how MOSAIQ oncology information systems (OIS) have enabled the university to embed hands-on IGRT image matching on a range of clinical cases. The hands-on exposure to case-based planar and volumetric kilovoltage (kV) image matching has resulted in improved teaching and better preparation of students for clinical IGRT encounters. Students are likely to benefit from critical image assessment and decision-making as well as the improved engagement in teaching and learning.This study describes a simple method for the large-scale isolation of pure Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites. T. gondii tachyzoites were obtained from infected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and peritoneal exudates of mice, while tissue cysts containing bradyzoites were collected from chronically infected mice. Harvested cells and brain tissues were incubated in Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), containing 0.25% trypsin and 0.5% taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC) for 5 min. Subsequent washes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were conducted, and the cell viability of the preparations was good, as determined by flow cytometry and ability to reinfect HFF cells and propagate in mice. The purification procedure allowed for a rapid preparation of pure T. gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites in sufficient quantity that can be used for downstream procedures. The advantage of the new method is that it is convenient and inexpensive.

Otitis externa (OE), one of the most common ear diseases in dogs, is caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus sp. To understand the network of microbial communities in the canine ear canal affected with OE, we performed a cross-sectional study using next-generation sequencing.

Ear swab samples were collected from 23 OE-affected and 10 healthy control dogs, and the 16S rRNA gene sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. The otic microbiota in the OE-affected dogs showed significantly decreased alpha diversity compared to controls. The community composition also differed in the affected group, with significantly higher relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Staphylococcus (P=0·01 and 0·04 respectively). Contrary to our expectations, the severity of the disease did not impact the otic microbiota in OE-affected dogs.

The ear canal microbiota of OE-affected dogs is distinct from that of healthy dogs, irrespective of disease status.

This study, one of the few detailed analyses of the otic microbiota, can provide practical information for the appropriate treatment of canine OE.

This study, one of the few detailed analyses of the otic microbiota, can provide practical information for the appropriate treatment of canine OE.

Standardization of robotic oesophagectomy can benefit both patients and surgeons by decreasing complications, shortening the learning curve and improving surgical training.

Thoraco-abdominal oesophagectomy with lymphadenectomy is the cornerstone of curative therapy for oesophageal carcinoma. To reduce post-operative morbidity, minimally invasive technology has become increasingly established. Conventional thoraco-laparoscopic procedures, however, are limited by their technical feasibility. These limitations can be overcome using robot-assisted technology.

Robotic Ivor-Lewis oesophageal resection has gradually been implemented in our clinic from 2013. We have performed over 250 robot-assisted minimally invasive oesophagectomies and more than 2000 robotic procedures overall. selleckchem This experience allowed us to establish a standardized operative technique.

We identified 11 operative steps as key elements for oesophageal resection, which should help implementation of this technique and allow surgeons to approach this complex procedure with greater confidence.

Standardization is fundamental to the establishment of a new surgical technique and is a key element in the learning curve of Ivor-Lewis oesophageal resection. Standardization can lead to better reproducibility of results, and thus to improved quality.

Standardization is fundamental to the establishment of a new surgical technique and is a key element in the learning curve of Ivor-Lewis oesophageal resection. Standardization can lead to better reproducibility of results, and thus to improved quality.