Background Accurate estimates of key population size are necessary to design programs and policies to prevent and reduce new HIV infections and to monitor the dynamics of the epidemic. The first Bio-behavioral Surveillance (BBS) surveys, with population size estimation activities, were conducted in Mozambique in 2010-2014. VX970 concentration Methods We used multiple methods – sequential sampling, unique object, unique event and service multipliers – to estimate the numbers of men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW) and people who inject drugs (PWID) living in major cities in Mozambique. Results were applied to census population sizes to estimate the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and those unaware of their status. Results Our results suggest that Maputo has 5,182 MSM, which constitutes 1.0% of the adult male population (plausibility bounds 0.5-2.6%), Beira 1,796 (1.4%, 1.0%-2.2%), and Nampula 874 (0.6%, 0.4%-1.6%). The population of FSW numbered 1,514 (0.6%, plausibility bounds 0.4%- 1.6% of adult female city population) in Maputo, 2,616 (2.2%, 1.3%-6.0%) in Beira, and 2,052 (1.4%, 0.8%-5.9%) in Nampula. PWID numbered 2,518 (0.4%, plausibility bounds 0.3%-0.5% of adult male city population) in Maputo and 1,982 (1.2%, 0.6%-1.9%) in Nampula. PLHIV ranged from 25-497 MSM, 382-664 FSW and 712-1340 PWID, while PLHIV unaware of their HIV positive serostatus, ranged from 24-486 MSM, 327-552 FSW and 265-468 PWID. Conclusion Although estimates generally fell within the range of those from the literature, the triangulation of survey and programmatic data over time will increasingly refine population size estimates and support the optimal allocation of limited resources.Background It is unclear how the characteristics of CD4 counts predict non-AIDS defining (NAD) HPV-related ano-genital warts (AGW) and anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions/cancer (HSIL) in PLWH. We compared the associations between 3 CD4 counts measures and these disease outcomes in the study. Methods Retrospective socio-behavioral and clinical data from electronic health records of 4,803 PLWH from 2006-2018 were included. Three different measurements of CD4 counts, a) nadir, b) median, and c) trajectory were estimated. Six CD4 trajectory groups were constructed using the group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) from all patients>18 years with ≥3 clinical visits. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations with AGW and HSIL, separately. Results A total of 408 AGW, 102 anal HSIL (43 HSIL, 59 cancer), 4 penile cancer and 15 vaginal cancer cases were observed. Median CD4 ( less then 200 cell/ul) was associated with AGW [OR = 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-3.0)], and anal HSIL [OR = 2.7 (95% CI 1.5-5.0)]) (each P less then 0.001). Low nadir CD4 ( less then 200 cell/ul) was associated with AGW [OR = 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.6)] and anal HSIL [OR = 2.4 (95% CI 1.2-4.7)] (each P≤0.001). Different patterns (declining and sustained low CD4 counts) of CD4 trajectories showed the strongest associations with onset of both AGW (OR 1.8-3.1) and HSIL (OR 2.7 -6.7). Conclusions PLWH with same median CD4 could have very different CD4 trajectories, implying different dynamics of immune status. CD4 trajectory could be better predictors of incident AGW and HSIL among PLWH.Background After completion of training, a physician’s training institution has a lasting and meaningful impact on career trajectory. Training program influence on first job placement and academic promotions remain uncertain in academic plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of training and internal bias in academic plastic surgery employment and promotion. Methods Academic plastic surgery faculty were identified through an internet search of all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited residency training programs. Faculty demographics, training background, employment, and leadership status were gathered. The analysis examined the impact of internal recruitment bias on first job employment, the impact of training history on institutional leadership promotion (chair/chief, residency director, or fellowship director), and the impact of alumni effect on academic employment. Results A significant proportion of recent graduates (38.6%) are practicing at the same i 5 faculty who trained at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and (5) University of Southern California, 4 faculty who trained at New York University. Conclusions The study highlights that an internal bias exists in the recruitment for first jobs and leadership promotions. However, a clear bias of internal hiring exists at several institutions. In addition, an alumni effect was identified, where some programs have a bias of hiring faculty who trained at the same external institution.Background and objectives According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons the number of gluteal augmentations with fat grafting, colloquially known as the “Brazilian buttock lift” (BBL), doubled from 2014 to 2018. Recent studies have demonstrated that gluteal augmentation with fat grafting has a higher mortality rate when compared with other esthetic surgeries. We hypothesize that online patient-directed information for gluteal augmentation are overly complex, written at an elevated reading grade level, with incomplete or no information regarding associated surgical risks. Objective To perform an objective appraisal of the most popular online patient education materials for gluteal augmentation surgery and explore potential interventions for improving material quality. Methods An online Google search using the term “Brazilian butt lift” was performed and the top 10 websites providing relevant information were identified. Readability for each website was determined using Readability Studio. Understandability, actionability and cultural sensitivity was assessed with validated tools by 2 independent raters. Results The top 10 websites were written at a mean reading grade level of 13.0, appropriate for a high school graduate. No website was written at the American Medical Association and the National Institutes of Health recommended 6th to 8th grade reading level. Mean understandability and actionability scores of 51% and 18.9%, respectively, suggest significant room for improvement. The average cultural sensitivity assessment tool score was 2.30, below the recommended threshold for acceptability of 2.5. Ninety percent of all websites did not meet the threshold for cultural acceptability. Conclusions Online patient education materials for gluteal augmentation with fat grafting were written at an inappropriately elevated reading grade level and were overly complex, did not promote reader action, and were not sensitive to the needs of the target demographic.