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  • Lu Fanning posted an update 5 days, 2 hours ago

    We conclude that some applications of therapeutic landscape thinking have reached well beyond its intended scope, resulting in a dilution of the construct’s interpretive power. Nevertheless its influence within health geography has been potent. Specifically, it has been a theoretical pivot facilitating methodological experimentation and diversification; allowed a return of the idiographic tradition; and offered a platform from which deeper theorising has occurred. This article draws on an AHRC/EPSRC funded project called ‘A Sense of Place Exploring nature and wellbeing through the non-visual senses’. The project used sound and smell technologies, as well as material textures and touch, to ask what does ‘wellbeing’ mean for people in relation to the non-visual aspects of nature, and how might technology play a role in promoting it (if at all)? This article takes recorded sound as a case study. It argues that recorded soundscapes should be understood on their own terms rather than as ‘less than’ or a simulation of natural environments. They have specific value in creating space for imagination, particularly when delivered with care and as part of the co-creation of sensory experience. Overall, the article argues that the value of emerging immersive technologies is not to simulate nature better. An ‘immersive experience’ is richest when it allows for – and reveals – the nuances and complexities of individual responses to natural environments. To mark 25 years of Health & Place Health & Place, we identify and appraise some key contributions to the journal over this period. We use citation data to identify ‘classics’ from the journal’s back catalogue. We also examine trends in the international reach and disciplinary homes of our authors. We show that there has been a near 7-fold increase in the number of published papers between the early and most recent years of the journal and that the journal’s citation levels are amongst the top 2% of social science journals. Amongst the most cited papers, some clear themes are evident such as physical activity, diet/food, obesity and topics relating to greenspace. The profile of the journal’s authors is becoming more internationally diverse, represents a broader range of disciplines, and increasingly demonstrating cross/interdisciplinary ways of working. Although Anglophone countries have led the way, there is an increasing number of contributions from elsewhere including emerging economies such as China. We conclude with some comments on likely future directions for the journal including enduring concerns such as greenspace, obesity, diet and unhealthy commodities (alcohol, tobacco, ultra-processed food) as well as more recent directions including planetary health, longitudinal and lifecourse analyses, and the opportunities (and challenges) of big data and machine learning. Whatever the thematic concerns of the papers over next 25 years, we will continue to welcome outstanding research that is concerned with the importance place makes to health. This paper discusses the role of ice crystal formation in causing or contributing to the difficulties that have been encountered in attempts to develop effective methods for the cryopreservation of some tissues and all organs. It is shown that extracellular ice can be severely damaging but also that cells in situ in tissues can behave quite differently from similar cells in a suspension with respect to intracellular freezing. It is concluded that techniques that avoid the formation of ice altogether are most likely to yield effective methods for the cryopreservation of recalcitrant tissues and vascularised organs. Although it is relatively straightforward to cryopreserve living isolated chondrocytes, at the present time there is no satisfactory method to preserve surgical grafts between the time of procurement or manufacture and actual use. In earlier papers we have established that the cryoprotectants dimethyl sulphoxide or propylene glycol do penetrate into this tissue very rapidly. Chondrocytes are not unusually susceptible to osmotic stress; in fact they appear to be particularly resistant. It appears that damage is associated with the formation of ice per se, even at cooling rates that are optimal for the cryopreservation of isolated chondrocytes. We then showed that current methods of cartilage cryopreservation involve the nucleation and growth of ice crystals within the chondrons rather than ice being restricted to the surrounding acellular matrix. This finding established the need to avoid the crystallization of ice-in other words, vitrification. Song and his colleagues have published a vitrification method that is based on the use of one of Fahy’s vitrification formulations. We confirmed the effectiveness of this method but found it to be very dependent on ultra rapid warming. AUPM-170 However, we were able to develop a ‘liquidus-tracking’ method that completely avoids the crystallization of ice and does not require rapid warming. The ability of cartilage preserved in this way to incorporate sulphate into newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) approached 70% of that of fresh control cartilage. In this method the rates of cooling and warming can be very low, which is essential for any method that is to be used in Tissue Banks to process the bulky grafts that are required by orthopaedic surgeons. Work is continuing to refine this method for Tissue Bank use. We examined the feedback between the major protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and protein synthesis in rat and mouse neurons. When protein degradation was inhibited, we observed a coordinate dramatic reduction in nascent protein synthesis in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. The mechanism for translation inhibition involved the phosphorylation of eIF2α, surprisingly mediated by eIF2α kinase 1, or heme-regulated kinase inhibitor (HRI). Under basal conditions, neuronal expression of HRI is barely detectable. Following proteasome inhibition, HRI protein levels increase owing to stabilization of HRI and enhanced translation, likely via the increased availability of tRNAs for its rare codons. Once expressed, HRI is constitutively active in neurons because endogenous heme levels are so low; HRI activity results in eIF2α phosphorylation and the resulting inhibition of translation. These data demonstrate a novel role for HRI in neurons that senses and responds to compromised function of the proteasome to restore proteostasis.

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