In 2D magnets, interlayer exchange coupling is generally weak due to the van der Waals layered structure but it still plays a vital role in stabilizing the long-range magnetic ordering and determining the magnetic properties. Using complementary neutron diffraction, magnetic, and torque measurements, the complete magnetic phase diagram of CrPS4 crystals is determined. CrPS4 shows an antiferromagnetic ground state (A-type) formed by out-of-plane ferromagnetic monolayers with interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling along the c axis below TN = 38 K. Due to small magnetic anisotropy energy and weak interlayer coupling, the low-field metamagnetic transitions in CrPS4, that is, a spin-flop transition at ≈0.7 T and a spin-flip transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic under a relatively low field of 8 T, can be realized for H∥c. Intriguingly, with an inherent in-plane lattice anisotropy, spin-flop-induced moment realignment in CrPS4 for H∥c is parallel to the quasi-1D chains of CrS6 octahedra. The peculiar metamagnetic transitions and in-plane anisotropy make few-layer CrPS4 flakes a fascinating platform for studying 2D magnetism and for exploring prototype device applications in spintronics and optoelectronics.The first one-pot Michael addition-enantioselective Conia-ene cyclization tandem reaction of N -protected prop-2-yn-1-amines with 2-methylene-3-oxoalkanoates promoted by chiral iron(III)-silver(I) cooperative catalysts has been developed. Thus, alkyl 4-methylenepyrrolidine-3-acyl-3-carboxylates, which can be transformed to ß-proline derivatives, are obtained in high yield with high enantioselectivity.We report a one-dimensional nanotubular metal-organic framework (MOF) [Ni(Cu-H6TPPA)]∙2(CH3)2NH2+ (H8TPPA = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[p-phenylphosphonic acid] porphyrin) constructed using the arylphosphonic acid H8TPPA. The structure of this MOF, known as GTUB-4, was solved using single crystal X-ray diffraction and its geometric accessible surface area was calculated to be 1102 m2/g, making it the phosphonate MOF with the highest reported surface area. Due to the extended conjugation of its porphyrin core, GTUB-4 possesses narrow indirect and direct band gaps (1.9 eV and 2.16 eV, respectively) in the semiconductor regime. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests that GTUB-4 is thermally stable up to 400°C. Owing to its high surface area, low band gap, and high thermal stability, GTUB-4 could find applications as electrodes in supercapacitors.Background The abundance of tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells is an important parameter for antitumor effect of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, which is less in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation than wild-type non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mechanism still requires further study. Methods In total 190 surgical lung adenocarcinoma samples were included. EGFR mutation was detected using amplification-refractory mutation system. CD8 T cells and apoptosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining in tumor samples. Exosomes extracted from lung cancer cell lines with and without EGFR mutation were used to test the function of promoting apoptosis in vitro. Results The ratio of CD8 tumor infiltration lymphocytes was significantly lower in EGFR-mutant than in wild-type patients (P = 0.026). A higher ratio of apoptosis was also prone to occur in EGFR-mutant patients (P = 0.035). The distribution of apoptosis was not statistically associated with the ratio of CD8 TILs. An in vitro experiment indicated that exosomes secreted by EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell lines PC9 and HCC827 were more capable of promoting CD8 T cell apoptosis than EGFR wild-type cell lines H1299 and SK-MES-1 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.010, respectively). Conclusions Non-small cell lung cancer EGFR mutation could promote CD8 T cell apoptosis more than wild-type. Inhibiting CD8 + TILs apoptosis may strengthen immunotherapy effects in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients.Fire is a major disturbance linked to the evolutionary history and climate of Mediterranean ecosystems, where the vegetation has evolved fire-adaptive traits (e.g., serotiny in pines). In Mediterranean forests, mutualistic feedbacks between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, essential for ecosystem dynamics, might be shaped by recurrent fires. We tested how the structure and function of ECM fungal communities of Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis vary among populations subjected to high and low fire recurrence in Mediterranean ecosystems, and analysed the relative contribution of environmental (climate, soil properties) and tree-mediated (serotiny) factors. For both pines, local and regional ECM fungal diversity were lower in areas of high than low fire recurrence, although certain fungal species were favoured in the former. A general decline of ECM root-tip enzymatic activity for P. BAY-3827 research buy pinaster was associated with high fire recurrence, but not for P. halepensis. Fire recurrence and fire-related factors such as climate, soil properties or tree phenotype explained these results. In addition to the main influence of climate, the tree fire-adaptive trait serotiny recovered a great portion of the variation in structure and function of ECM fungal communities associated with fire recurrence. Edaphic conditions (especially pH, tightly linked to bedrock type) were an important driver shaping ECM fungal communities, but mainly at the local scale and probably independently of the fire recurrence. Our results show that ECM fungal community shifts are associated with fire recurrence in fire-prone dry Mediterranean forests, and reveal complex feedbacks among trees, mutualistic fungi and the surrounding environment in these ecosystems.Objective We have previously identified male sex, younger age, and the presence of spinal cord lesions as independent factors that increase the 5-year risk for evolution from radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) to multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigate risk factors for the development of a clinical event using a 10-year, multinational, retrospectively identified RIS dataset. Methods RIS subjects were identified according to 2009 RIS criteria and followed longitudinally as part of a worldwide cohort study. We analyzed data from 21 individual databases from 5 different countries. Associations between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and the risk of developing a first clinical event were determined using multivariate Cox regression models. Results Additional follow-up data were available in 277 of 451 RIS subjects (86% female). The mean age at RIS diagnosis was 37.2 years (range, 11-74 years), with a median clinical follow-up of 6.7 years. The cumulative probability of a first clinical event at 10 years was 51.