Aortic stenosis is a common valvular disorder leading to left ventricular outflow obstruction. The anterograde velocity across the valve must be at least 2 m/sec, whereas the aortic valve sclerosis is the thickening and calcification without a significant pressure gradient. Etiologies include congenital (bicuspid/unicuspid), calcific, and…[Read more]

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. ‘Time is brain’ is a slogan that characterises contemporary stroke care. Rapid evaluation of stroke begins with community education to better recognise the signs and symptoms of stroke, an organised system of care by first responders and…[Read more]

Blockade antibodies of the immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1 can stimulate the anti-tumor activity of T cells, but clinical benefit is limited to a fraction of patients. Evidence suggests that BTLA, a receptor structurally related to PD-1, may contribute to resistance to PD-1 targeted therapy, but how BTLA and PD-1 differ in their mechanisms is…[Read more]