Of those vaccinated, almost 90% were documented to have received inactivated vaccine. The majority (81%) of influenza cases were in children ≤ 8 years of age. Of the 139 influenza-positive cases, 42% were A(H1N1)pdm09, 42% were B viruses, and 14% were A(H3N2). Overall, adjusted VE for fully vaccinated children was 56% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34%-71%) against any influenza-associated hospitalization, 68% (95% CI, 36%-84%) for A(H1N1)pdm09, and 44% (95% CI, -1% to 69%) for B viruses. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of annual influenza vaccination in prevention of severe influenza disease and of reducing the number of children who remain unvaccinated or partially vaccinated against influenza. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2020.OBJECTIVES The neutropenic murine thigh infection model was used to assess the effectiveness of IID572, a novel β-lactamase inhibitor, in rescuing piperacillin activity against bacterial strains expressing various β-lactamase enzymes. METHODS Mice (n = 4/group) were inoculated with Enterobacteriaceae or Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains expressing a range of β-lactamases via intramuscular injection. Two hours after bacterial inoculation, subcutaneous treatment with piperacillin/IID572 or piperacillin/tazobactam every 3 h was initiated. Animals were euthanized via CO2 24 h after the start of therapy and bacterial cfu (log10 cfu) per thigh was determined, and the static dose was calculated. RESULTS In a dose-dependent manner, piperacillin/IID572 reduced the thigh bacterial burden in models established with Enterobacteriaceae producing class A, C and D β-lactamases (e.g. ESBLs, KPC, CMY-2 and OXA-48). Piperacillin/IID572 was also efficacious against MSSA strains, including one producing β-lactamase. Static doses of piperacillin/IID572 were calculable from animals infected with all strains tested and the calculated static doses ranged from 195 to 4612 mg/kg/day piperacillin, the active component in the combination. Of the 13 strains investigated, a 1 log10 bacterial reduction was achieved for 9 isolates and a 2 log10 reduction was achieved for 3 isolates; piperacillin/tazobactam was not efficacious against 6 of the 13 isolates tested. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to tazobactam, IID572 was able to rescue piperacillin efficacy in murine thigh infection models established with β-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus, including those expressing ESBLs or serine carbapenemases. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRV), enteroviruses (HEV) and parechoviruses (HPeV) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). We evaluated this association in a prospective birth cohort setting. METHODS 324 healthy infants were followed up from birth to the age of 3 years. Nasal swab samples were collected at the age of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, and screened for HRV and HEV using real-time RT-qPCR. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for HRV, HEV and HPeV. ALK inhibitor AOM episodes diagnosed by physician were reported by parents in a diary. The association of viruses with AOM was analyzed using Generalized Estimation Equation and their relative contributions using population attributable risk per cent (PAR%). RESULTS A clear association was found between AOM episodes and simultaneous detection of HEV (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) for the detection of virus in stools 2.04, 95% CI 1.06-3.91) and HRV (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.04-2.30). HPeV showed a similar, yet non-significant trend (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 0.81-2.56). HRV and HEV showed higher PAR% (25% and 20%) than HPeV (11%). CONCLUSIONS HEVs and HRVs may contribute to the development of AOM in a relatively large proportion of cases. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.The error-prone nature of ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerases drives the diversity of RNA virus populations. Arising within this diversity is a subset of defective viral genomes that retain replication competency, termed defective interfering (DI) genomes. These defects are caused by aberrant viral polymerase reinitiation on the same viral RNA template (deletion DI species) or the nascent RNA strand (copyback DI species). Defective interfering genomes have previously been shown to alter the dynamics of a viral population by interfering with normal virus replication and/or by stimulating the innate immune response. In this study, we investigated the ability of artificially produced DI genomes to inhibit Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic biosafety level 4 paramyxovirus. High multiplicity of infection passaging of both NiV clinical isolates and recombinant NiV in Vero cells generated an extensive DI population from which individual DIs were identified using next-generation sequencing techniques. Assays were established to generate and purify both naturally occurring and in silico-designed DIs as fully encapsidated, infectious virus-like particles termed defective interfering particles (DIPs). We demonstrate that several of these NiV DIP candidates reduced NiV titers by up to 4 logs in vitro. These data represent a proof-of-principle that a therapeutic application of DIPs to combat NiV infections may be an alternative source of antiviral control for this disease. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019.Threonine (Thr) requirements for immature (growing) Beagles have been determined, but little knowledge is available on Thr requirements for maintenance in mature dogs. Moreover, differences of Thr requirements among different breeds or sizes of adult dogs have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to determine Thr requirements in adult dogs of 3 different breeds using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. In total, 13 adult dogs were used, 4 Miniature Dachshunds (5.8 ± 0.4 kg BW; 3 spayed and 1 neutered), 4 spayed Beagles (9.3 ± 0.6 kg BW), and 5 neutered Labrador Retrievers (30.5 ± 1.7 kg BW). Dogs were fed a Thr-deficient diet (Thr = 0.23%) and randomly allocated to receiving 1 of 7 concentrations of Thr supplementation (final Thr concentration in experimental diets was 0.23, 0.33, 0.43, 0.53, 0.63, 0.73, and 0.83%; as fed basis) for 2 d. After 2 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, dogs underwent individual IAAO studies. During the IAAO studies, total daily feed was divided in 13 equal meals; at the sixth meal, dogs were fed a bolus of L-[1-13C]-Phenylalanine (Phe) (9.