Exercise performances in both conditions were not significantly different over 3 consecutive days. In PW trial, relative changes in biological antioxidant potential/diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites, as an index of systemic antioxidant potential, from baseline gradually decreased as the day passed. However, HW suppressed the reduction in biological antioxidant potential/diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites observed in PW. Drinking HW contributed to the maintenance of the redox status during consecutive days of strenuous exercise and might help prevent accumulative muscular fatigue. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Yamanashi, Japan (approval No. H26-008) on December 17, 2014.Persistent postconcussion syndrome (PPCS) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant public health and military problem for which there is limited treatment evidence. The aim of this study was to determine whether forty 150 kPa hyperbaric oxygen therapies (HBOTs) can improve symptoms and cognitive function in subjects with the PPCS of mTBI, using a randomized controlled crossover design with 2-month follow-up. Sixty-three civilian and military subjects with mTBI/PPCS were randomized to either 40 HBOTs at 150 kPa/60 minutes, once daily, 5 days per week in 8 weeks or an equivalent no-treatment control period. The Control Group was then crossed over to HBOT. Subjects underwent symptom, neuropsychological, and psychological testing, before and after treatment or control with retesting 2 months after the 40th HBOT. Fifty subjects completed the protocol with primary outcome testing. HBOT subjects experienced significant improvements in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, Memory Index, Automated Neuropdical Research and Materiel Command Office of Research Protections Human Research Protection Office and the Louisiana State University School of Medicine (approval No. 7381) approved the study on May 13, 2014 and December 20, 2013, respectively.Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can prolong duration of anesthesia and shorten onset of sensory and motor block relative to clonidine. This study attempted to compare the efficacy of intravenous DEX and clonidine for hemodynamic changes and block after spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgery. In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 120 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia in lower limb orthopedic surgery were recruited and divided into three groups using balanced block randomization DEX group (n = 40; intravenous DEX 0.2 µg/kg), clonidine group (n = 40; intravenous clonidine 0.4 µg/kg), and placebo group (n = 40; intravenous normal saline 10 mL) in which pain scores were assessed using visual analogue scales (at recovery, and 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after surgery) and time to achieve and onset of sensory and motor block. Statistically significant differences were found in mean arterial pressure among the groups at all times except baseline (P = 0.001), with a less mean arterial pressure and a prolonged duration of sensory and motor block (P = 0.001) in the DEX group where pain relieved in patients immediately after surgery and at above mentioned time points (P = 0.001). Simultaneous administration of intravenous DEX with ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block and relieves postoperative pain, and however, can decrease blood pressure. Although intravenous DEX as an adjuvant can be helpful during spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine, it should be taken with caution owing to a lowering of mean arterial pressure in patients especially in the older adults. This study was approved by Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (No. IR.Arakmu.Rec.1395.450) in March, 2017, and the trial was registered and approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT No. IRCT2017092020258N60) in 2017.Violence often blights people’s lives for decades, leading to drug addiction, depression, suicide, school dropout, unemployment, and recurrent relationship difficulties. This exploratory study was conducted among professional degree colleges in urban Bengaluru from January to March 2017; the objectives were to find the magnitude, forms, and substance use in violence. A total of 450 students were studied. One hundred and twenty-three (27.3%) students experienced some kind of violence in the past 1 year and 77 (62.6%) were males. Verbal abuse (65.0%), pushing around (23.6%), and slapping (18.7%) were common forms of violence observed. Substance use was significantly associated with violence.The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has become a significant health problem in India. Delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation are frequently observed among patients with DR-TB, resulting in an increased risk of disease complications and high mortality and pretreatment lost to follow-up rates. To understand the factors associated with delays between the diagnosis and treatment, the study was carried out in Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Area. A total of 177 DR-TB patients diagnosed in the year 2014 who had a delay in the initiation of treatment, and 23 initial defaulters were studied using a structured questionnaire. Fifty-four DOTS providers were also interviewed. Vemurafenib inhibitor Of 177 patients, 62.15% initiated treatment between 7 and 15 days and nearly 12% of them started the treatment after a month. The median duration of delay was 12 days (range 8-144 days and interquartile range 9-20 days). The most common reason for the delay in the initiation and initial default was the social and personal factors (48.80%), and in 34 (20%) of the patients, the delay was attributed to the effect of the previous treatment.Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is of paramount importance to achieve the optimum control of viral load and progression of disease among people living with HIV (PLHIV). An overview of systematic reviews to summarize the factors influencing adherence to ART was not found in the literature; hence, the systematic review of systematic reviews was conducted to provide global view of factors influencing adherence to ART. Systematic reviews ever published till May 2018 were searched and retrieved between May 2015 and May 2018 from Cochrane and PubMed databases. Among 88 studies initially chosen based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 were selected for further analysis. Qualitative analysis of included reviews was made through narrative synthesis approach. Results of the study show that among the 60 factors enlisted, 5 were most highly significant, 7 were highly significant, 19 were moderately significant, and 29 were emerged as significant factors. Substance abuse, financial constraints, social support, HIV stigma, and depressive symptoms were the most highly significant factors influencing the adherence, whereas age, employment status, long distance, side effects of drugs, pill burden, education, and mental health were regarded as highly significant factors influencing ART.