Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are battery-operated heating devices that aerosolize e-liquid, typically containing nicotine and several other chemicals, which is then inhaled by a user. Over the past decade, e-cigs have gained immense popularity among both smokers and non-smokers. One reason for this is that they are advertised as a safe…[Read more]

Microbial cells generally leak various metabolites including those necessary to grow. Why cells secrete even essential chemicals so often is, however, still unclear. Based on analytical and numerical calculations, we show that if the intracellular metabolism includes multibody (e.g., catalytic) reactions, leakage of essential metabolites can…[Read more]