In contrast, heroin and cocaine co-use (AOR=1.062 (1.027, 1.099)) and heroin use (without cocaine) (AOR=1.101 (1.070, 1.133)) linearly increased from 2002 to 2017.

Screening, outreach, clinical treatment, and first responders should be aware of increasing patterns of polysubstance use and the potential implications of co-use of heroin and…[Read more]