The 3D curvature of the articular surfaces and capsular ligaments play important roles in different spinal positions. In this review article, we will summarize the anatomy of the lumbar facet joint relevant to its biomechanical function and biomechanical behavior under different loading conditions. Copyright © 2020 by The Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research.Background Previous studies have suggested that HIV-1 infection is associated with neuroendocrine abnormalities including alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. The norepinephrine (NE) response to cold pressor stress, an α-adrenergic challenge, is blunted in HIV-1 infection. Given the relation of ANS activity to the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in cognitive functioning, changes in response to stress may be a factor in HIV-related cognitive dysfunction. Objective In this study, we evaluated the NE and cortisol response of persons in three groups. Design/Participants We studied stress response in three groups (1) those with HIV-1 infection and a history of injecting drug use (IDU), those with HIV-1 infection but no IDU, and a control group of uninfected individuals without a history of IDU. Stress was induced by administering a neuropsychological test known to induce an immediate increase in NE, the Stroop Color-Word Test. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and after participants completed the Stroop and then at two intervals over the next 20 minutes. selleck kinase inhibitor Data were analyzed using mixed-effects repeated measures models. Main Measures Serum norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol. Results Analyses showed that those with both HIV-1 infection and history of IDU had a significantly greater NE response to stress that did not return to baseline over 20 minutes compared to those without infection or IDU history. Epinephrine and cortisol responses followed similar patterns, but between-group differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions The combination of history of IDU and HIV infection may produce an exaggerated neuroendocrine response that does not quickly return to baseline levels. Given the potential impact of these on cognitive and physical function in affected these individuals, implementing stress management techniques with them may be important.Cases of cardiac arrest after administration of neostigmine as a neuromuscular reversal agent have been reported in the literature. Sugammadex is a new neuromuscular reversal agent that acts via a different mechanism than acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Here we reviewed the currently available literature on the use of sugammadex and potential considerations of using sugammadex in patients with a history of heart transplantation. Based on our currently available information, sugammadex administration in heart transplant patients should warrant similar caution and preparation for cardiovascular collapse as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.Here, we report on a novel narrowband High Harmonic Generation (HHG) light source designed for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) on solids. Notably, at 16.9 eV photon energy, the harmonics bandwidth equals 19 meV. This result has been obtained by seeding the HHG process with 230 fs pulses at 515 nm. The ultimate energy resolution achieved on a polycrystalline Au sample at 40 K is ∼22 meV at 16.9 eV. These parameters set a new benchmark for narrowband HHG sources and have been obtained by varying the repetition rate up to 200 kHz and, consequently, mitigating the space charge, operating with ≈ 3 × 10 7 electrons/s and ≈ 5 × 10 8 photons/s. By comparing the harmonics bandwidth and the ultimate energy resolution with a pulse duration of ∼105 fs (as retrieved from time-resolved experiments on bismuth selenide), we demonstrate a new route for ultrafast space-charge-free PES experiments on solids close to transform-limit conditions. © 2020 Author(s).Background Spiritual health and maternal-fetal attachment behaviors are considered as beneficial coping strategies used to adapt to pregnancy. The present study was conducted to determine the correlation between spiritual health and maternal-fetal attachment behaviors in pregnant women referring to health centers in Qazvin. Methods The present descriptive correlational study was conducted on 200 pregnant women referring to health centers in Qazvin, in 2015. A multi-stage sampling was carried out and data were collected in a self-report manner, using the Persian version of Spiritual Well-Being scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison, Persian version of Cranley’s maternal-fetal attachment scale, and a demographic and midwifery questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS-20, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the multivariate linear regression. P less then 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean scores of attachment and spiritual health were 95.91±8.92 and 104.15±10.59, respectively. A weak positive correlation was observed between attachment behaviors and spiritual health (P less then 0.001, r=0.40). Regression analysis showed that spiritual health (P less then 0.001, β=0.40), religious health (P less then 0.001, β=0.30), and existential health (P less then 0.001, β=0.43) could predict the maternal-fetal attachment behaviors. Conclusion The results showed that a higher spiritual health was associated with an increase in maternal-fetal attachment behaviors. These results suggest the importance of strengthening spirituality during pregnancy as an effective strategy for increasing the attachment behaviors. Copyright © Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.Background During the lactation period, mothers are at an increased risk of nutritional deficiencies due to improper dietary patterns, physiological changes, and various socio-demographic factors. The present study aimed to examine the nutritional status, dietary intake, and related factors among lactating women in the urban and rural areas of Khorramabad, Lorestan province in the southwest of Iran. Methods The present population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Khorramabad (Iran) during April-July 2012. The study population included 708 lactating mothers who were referred to the health centers in Khorramabad (10 urban health centers and 30 rural health/community centers). A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit the participants. The nutritional status and food intake of the participants were assessed over three days using the 24-hour dietary recall (24HDR) and dietary record (DR) questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16.0) with the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, paired t test, independent t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient.