More studies on the separate and/or cumulative role of both processes are warranted to suggest specific treatment options.

Fenofibrate (FNB) is a commonly used hypolipidemic agent. However, the oral bioavailability of FNB is limited by slow dissolution due to its low solubility. Thus, investigations on novel FNB formulations are necessary for their use.

To enhance the oral bioavailability of FNB using optimized Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) formulations.

Hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication was used to prepare FNB-NLCs. These formulations were optimized using a Box-Behnken design, where the amount of FNB (X1), a ratio of solid lipid/liquid lipid (X2), and the percentage of emulsifier (X3), were set as independent variables, while the particle size (Y1), and Entrapment Efficiency (EE%) (Y2), were used as dependent factors. An in vitro dissolution test was then performed using a paddle method, while an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of FNB-NLC formulation was performed in rats.

FNB-NLCs were successfully prepared and optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The particle size and EE% of the FNB-NLC had less than 5% difference from predicted values. The in vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability of the FNB-NLC were both higher than those of raw FNB.

A Box-Behnken design was successfully applied to optimize FNB-NLC formulation for the enhancement of the dissolution and bioavailability of FNB, a poorly water-soluble drug.

A Box-Behnken design was successfully applied to optimize FNB-NLC formulation for the enhancement of the dissolution and bioavailability of FNB, a poorly water-soluble drug.Cyclodextrin based nanosponges are the designed nanocarriers for projected delivery of complex drugs. They are multifunctional hypercrosslinked cyclodextrin polymers connected in a three dimensional, mesh like network. Their functional characteristics can be fabricated by using different crosslinkers or their different rations with polymer. They can encapsulate various hydrophilic, lipophilic, small sized or large sized drug molecules. They offer formulation flexibility and are primarily used for solubility, bioavailability and stability enhancement purposes. This system is also pliable for co-delivery of pharmaceutical entities, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. If the surface of nanosponge is coupled with an appropriate ligand, even a target specific drug delivery can be achieved. It has a variety of applications in the field of pharmacy for the delivery of tricky drug molecules, proteins, enzymes, natural moieties and gaseous compounds. The list of its applications further widens with the development of nanodiagnostics, nanosensors, biomimetics and scaffolds based on nanosponges. The sudden explosion of research in this working area signifies cyclodextrin nanosponge based product in the market soon.DNA damage usually happens in all cell types, which may originate from endogenous sources, (i.e., DNA replication errors) or be emanated from radiations or chemicals. These damages range from changes in few nucleotides to large structural abnormalities on chromosomes and, if not repaired, could disturb the cellular homeostasis or cause cell death. DNA repair, as the most significant response to DNA damage, provides biological pathways by which DNA damages are corrected and returned into their natural circumstance. However, aberration in the DNA repair mechanisms may result in genomic and chromosomal instability and the accumulation of mutations. The activation of oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are serious consequence of genomic and chromosomal instability and may bring the cells into a cancerous phenotype. Therefore, genomic and chromosomal instability is usually considered as a crucial factor in the carcinogenesis and an important hallmark of various human malignancies. In the present study, we review our current understanding of the most updated mechanisms underlying genomic instability in cancer and discuss about the potential promises of these mechanisms in finding new targets for the treatment of cancer.Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), primarily inflammatory cardiomyopathy, are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium. It has a relatively high risk of deteriorating heart function and has heterogeneous etiologies. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is mainly mediated by viral infections but can also be mediated by protozoa, fungal or bacterial infections. Besides that, there are a wide variety of drugs, toxic substances, and systemic immune-mediated diseases that result in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite broad research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy has a poor prognosis. The roles of the pathogens, host genomic counterparts and environmental triggers in the progression of disease are still under consideration, including the role of some viruses as active inducers and others as bystanders. In this review article, we review the available evidence on the types, pathogenesis and treatment of myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis with a particular focus on virus-associated cardiac diseases.

In this review we discuss the emerging evidence for the effectiveness of cannabinoids in the treatment of cancer and inflammation. The remarkable effects complete the traditional evidence for their successful application in the treatment of pain and cancer-related side effects.

we searched Pub Med (132 articles) and Google scholar (9 articles) databases and gathered the clinical (4 articles), preclinical (28 articles) studies, reports on cell culture models (30 articles) and other original and review articles (78 articles) related to inflammation, cancer and cannabinoids.

Cannabinoids are described in three different forms, comprising endo- phyto- and synthetic compounds that exert biological effects. VIT-2763 compound library inhibitor The molecular and cellular pathways of endogenous cannabinoids in the maintenance of homeostasis are well documented. In addition to classical cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2, Vanilloid receptors and G protein-coupled receptor 55 were identified as common receptors. Subsequently, the effectiveness of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids mediated by cannabinoid receptors has been demonstrated in the treatment of inflammatory diseases including neurodegenerative diseases as well as gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammations.