However, a small number of particles cannot maintain the seal of the concentration interface then demonstrates miscible behavior. The mixing mechanism of the suspended particles at the concentration interface is strongly related to the miscible and immiscible characteristics of the interface. The cellulose, which is one of the most abundant solid by-products of agriculture and forestry industry, has been successfully tested for the synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon-based metal-free catalysts (NPC) via freeze-drying the mixture of cellulose crystallite and ammonium phosphate, followed by annealing of the hydrogel under nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C for 2 h. Different techniques including TEM, SEM, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy have been applied to characterize the as-prepared NPC, which presents flake-like morphology with N and P doping levels of 4.3 atom% and 10.66 atom%, respectively. The NPC exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP). The turnover frequency (TOF) of the reduction of p-NP is as high as 2 × 10-5 mmol·mg-1·min-1 and the apparent kinetic rate constant was calculated as 0.0394 min-1 at room temperature. The catalytic mechanism is proposed by combining the density functional theory calculation and analysis of the experimental results. These findings open up new possibilities of valorization for cellulose-based by-product and treatment of p-NP-based wastewater. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) developed on a copper substrate, Ag NPs/Cu, are synthesized by a novel and facile galvanic replacement method performed in Ethaline deep eutectic solvent (DES). It reveals that the Ag NPs could be well dispersed on the Cu support via an in-situ electrochemical oxidation-reduction (ECO-ECR) activation process, which deliver significantly enhanced activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The in-situ redox tuning triggers a reversible phase transformation of the formed initially Ag NPs, Ag ↔ Ag2O, with surface reconstruction and gives rise to a strong metal-support interaction with tailored atomic/electronic structures, resulting in enhanced ORR activity. Impressively, the introduction of NiII ions can regulate the galvanic replacement kinetics by mediating the diffusion of AgI ions and subsequent growth of Ag on the Cu surface in Ethaline, leading to the formation of uniformly distributed Ag NPs. Coupled with redox activation, the optimal Ag-Ni1 NPs/Cu_ECO-ECR exhibits ORR activity similar to that of the commercial state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, and better long-term durability (95% activity retention after 30,000 s), cyclic stability performance, and anti-poisoning capacity for methanol (96% after 3300 s), suggesting it a promising ORR electrocatalyst for practical application. BACKGROUND Safe healthcare requires teamwork and collaboration. To meet the needs of healthcare organizations and professionals, inter-professional education, is no longer an optional educational trend but rather a mandate of accrediting health education agencies. OBJECTIVE In an effort to better understand the impact of inter- professional educational activities, this study sought to explore via qualitative methods what nursing and medical students learn with, from, and about one another during a week – long simulation-based inter-profession education course. click here DESIGN A convenience sample of post-course survey responses from students participating in a week-long, inter-professional, simulation-based patient safety course was used to longitudinally explore what participants learn with, from, and about each other. SETTINGS The setting for this study was a research university located in the southeast United States. PARTICIPANTS The participants included a total of 272 second semester accelerated option Bachelor of Nursing students and 599 medical students entering the 3rd year of their program that participated in an annual patient safety course. The study analyzed responses of students to questions in a post-course survey regarding educational outcomes while learning with students from a different profession. RESULTS In the responses from 871 students collected over four years, the following key themes emerged. Students 1) articulated learning the importance of contributions of other professions to the healthcare team, 2) expressed an appreciation for areas where their colleagues’ training was superior to their own; and 3) identified deficiencies in their own knowledge and skill sets. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide a basis for developing more specific curricular content as part of inter-professional education endeavors to strengthen constructive views of healthcare professions, foster a more collaborative shared mental model, and to correct perceived misconceptions. BACKGROUND Providing care for dying people and the death of patients are stressing situations faced by nursing students during their clinical practice. Learning about palliative care improves the management of emotions and the ability to cope when caring for patients in end-of-life processes. However, there is little knowledge on the effect of this learning on the students’ perceptions of their own death. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of a palliative care course on the thoughts of nursing students about their own death. DESIGN A qualitative, descriptive, and comparative study was conducted based on content analysis, administering an open-ended questionnaire on dying and death at the start and end of a palliative care course. PARTICIPANTS The study included 85 volunteers studying Palliative Care in the second year of their Nursing Degree at the University of Granada (Spain). RESULTS Students described their perceptions in more detail after the course, with more numerous code citations, and their post-course responses evidenced a reduction in anxiety about their own death and an increased recognition of the need to respect the decisions of patients for a dignified death. CONCLUSIONS Palliative care learning modifies the perception by nursing students of their own death and their understanding of a dignified death, which may enhance the care they deliver to patients at the end of life.