Finally, we scrutinize the phosphorylation-dependent dynamics of the protein complexes in context of thylakoid ultrastructure and present a model on the reorganization of the entire thylakoid network in response to changes in thylakoid protein phosphorylation.A mononuclear copper complex bearing a ‘histidine brace’ is synthesised and characterised as an active-site model of mononuclear copper monooxygenases such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). The complex has similar structural and functional features to the active sites of the enzymes.Two light-harvesting antenna molecules were obtained by positioning naphthalene monoimide energy donors at the imide position, instead of the bay positions, of perylene imide energy acceptors. Such rational design resulted in a complete suppression of parasitic intramolecular charge transfer without compromising the desired ultrafast rates of excitation energy transfer.Carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Ni-modified MoS2 catalysts with ultra-high loading were synthesized with the assistance of citric acid. The morphology of the nanoflake arrays could be controlled to give abundant stepped sites, which favored the hydrogenation desulfurization pathway of dibenzothiophene. The catalyst exhibited excellent performance and stability for hydrodesulfurization of model oil and coal-to-liquid fuel.We show that the equilibrium of intramolecular spirocyclization of coumarin-hemicyanine hybrid fluorophores can be finely tuned by means of chemical modifications. We used this scaffold to develop activatable fluorescent probes with large Stokes shifts for γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and esterase.A boronic ester cage, which exhibits stimuli-responsive guest-release behavior, was constructed by self-assembly of tetrol with the indacene backbone and a fluorine-substituted benzenetriboronic acid derivative. The presence of fluorine substituents made it possible to control the guest release rate using simple amines by forming tetrahedral borates.A versatile low-temperature molten salt approach has been developed for fabricating a MoS2@CoS2 heterostructure electrocatalyst, where low-cost molten KSCN serves as both the reaction medium and sulfur source. The as-obtained electrocatalyst with a defect-rich structure is highly efficient for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), delivering a low overpotential of 96 mV at an HER current density of 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 60 mV dec-1, and outstanding durability. Saracatinib molecular weight Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the heterostructures present an optimized Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) close to zero, which is responsible for the excellent HER performance.Herein, we introduce a fast, additive-free, ambient temperature photochemical approach – utilising the novel Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a photo-active ortho-methylbenzaldehyde (oMBA) with a terminal alkyne – for preparing functional acid-sensitive profluorescent nano-/microspheres in one step. Not previously reported, the possibility of applying such a reaction in the context of particle synthesis provides new possibilities for particle design, where multi-step reactivity can be gated into distinct steps. First, a photochemically-gated particle formation step yields a material possessing a reactive, spring-loaded intermediate at every cross-linking point. A second, on-demand step to initiate fluorescence generation subsequently imparts the properties of the chemical transformation to the material itself. The synthesised particles are narrow-disperse with an average diameter ranging from 170-380 nm.Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed mild and oxidative [4+1] spiroannulation has been realized via C-H activation of oximes and benzoic acids with 1-diazonaphthelen-2(1H)-ones as coupling reagents. This transformation integrates C-H activation and dearomatization and provides a direct approach to spirocyclic isoindole N-oxides and isobenzofuranones with functional group tolerance.We proposed a method using an aza-crown ether derivative to lock a hyperbranched polyethyleneimine, which endows the PEI25k with tumor targeting ability, anti-serum ability and extended circulation in the blood meanwhile retaining the high gene complexation and high transfection efficiency. The method we proposed here simultaneously endows cationic materials with high transfection efficiency and high safety, which greatly pushed the cationic materials to be applied in in vivo gene delivery.Large-area and high-performance chiral metamaterials are highly desired for practical applications, such as controlling the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave and enhancing the sensor sensitivity of chiral molecules. In this work, cavity-enhanced chiral metamaterials (CECMs) with a large area (1 cm2) have been fabricated by the convenient angle-dependent material deposition technique. The optimal chiral signal (g factor) resonance in the visible waveband can reach about 0.94 with a figure of merit (FOM) of about 5.2, which is about ten times larger than that of chiral metamaterials (CMs) without a cavity (i.e., a g factor of 0.094 with the FOM of about 1.12). Both the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the circular conversion components from the anisotropic geometry of CMs play a crucial role in the final chiroptical effect of CECM, which together with the cavity effect enhance both the chiroptical resonance intensity and FOM. Choosing the appropriate deposition parameters can effectively modify the geometric anisotropy of CM and thus the chiroptical effect of CECM. The geometric nanoscale morphology, electromagnetic properties and sensor performance were investigated carefully in this work. The fabricated CECM working in the visible waveband together with the cavity-enhanced scheme provides a competitive candidate for enhancing the performance and the practical applications of CMs.Tricolorin A, a bioactive resin glycoside, was synthesized stepwise or in one pot based on interrupted Pummerer reaction-mediated (IPRm) glycosylation. The stepwise synthesis adopted a [2 + 2] assembly sequence, and all of the glycosidic bonds were constructed efficiently by IPRm glycosylation. The one-pot synthesis employed our recently developed one-pot relay glycosylation strategy, in which two different glycosidic bonds were sequentially connected with only one equivalent of external activator.