In all, our study showed that elevation of salinity can induce the expression of proteins binding to PFAAs in gills, thus facilitate the uptake of water PFAAs. Salinity fluctuation should be taken into consideration when assessing the chemical risk in the estuarine and coastal areas. High-resolution characterisation tools such as Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) logging represent a step forward towards a more effective management of sites contaminated by light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. In this paper, the applicability of LIF response as an indicator of LNAPL mobility at one site with an unconsolidated aquifer was investigated. LIF profiles were logged adjacent to twin coring locations and wells with LNAPL transmissivity (Tn) measurements in a heterogeneous gasoline contaminated site in Western Australia. LIF response was correlated to Tn to a greater extent than LNAPL saturation (Sn) measurements from coring. In particular, LIF signal maxima were a better indicator of Tn than the integral LIF signal. Furthermore, LIF allowed rapid identification of areas with long-term near-immobile LNAPL (entrapped and residual) because of the multi-wavelength waveforms associated with distinct subsurface characteristics. It was also demonstrated that the delineation of presumably less-mobile intervals could be enhanced by using the relative LIF response in the 350 nm wavelength channel. Thus, this work gave evidence that LIF logging provides valuable information about LNAPL distribution and mobility in commonly found subsurface settings, despite generally poor correlations with Sn measurements. LIF probes can be successfully used to guide the installation and application of more costly conventional methods in addition to the development of existing site models. V.Optimum fertilization is an efficient method to maintain rice yield and reduce N-losses. It is essential though to evaluate methane emissions from paddy fields, to further understand its impact on greenhouse gas budget. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term optimum fertilization on CH4 emissions and rice yield. We collected data in the 7th and 8th year from a field experiment initiated in 2010. Four optimum fertilization strategies, reduced N-fertilizer and zero-P treatment (RNP, 200 kg N/ha), sulfur-coated urea combined with uncoated urea treatment (SCU, 200 kg N/ha), organic fertilizer combined chemical fertilizer treatment (OCN, 200 kg N/ha), organic fertilizer treatment (OF, 200 kg N/ha); and two controls, the farmers’ N management (FN, 270 kg N/ha) and zero-N treatment (N0), were employed. The results showed the rice yields achieved for the optimum fertilization treatments (RNP, SCU, OCN, and OF) were similar with those for the FN. No significant differences in CH4 emissions among all treatments. Cumulative seasonal CH4 emissions were negatively correlated with grain yield (P  less then  0.05). In the RNP and SCU treatments, soil available K, mcrA gene and available P were the key variables affecting CH4 emissions; soil available K, available P and SOC contents were the key emissions factors for OCN and OF treatments. The SCU achieved the highest rice yield and lowest CH4 emission intensity among optimum fertilization treatments. These results suggest that long-term application of sulfur-coated urea combined with uncoated urea can maintain rice yield and reduce methane emissions from rice paddies. Climate change threatens humanity yet the provision of food that supports humanity is a major source of greenhouse gases, which exacerbates that threatening process. Developing strategies to reduce the emissions associated with key global commodities is essential to mitigate the impacts of climate change. To date, however, there have been no studies that have estimated the potential to reduce GHG emissions associated with the production of wheat, a key global commodity, at a national scale through changes to wheat production systems. Here, we assess the consequences for net GHG emissions of Australian wheat production from applying three changes to wheat production systems increasing the rates of fertiliser N to achieve the water-limited yield potential; increasing the frequency of lime applications on acid soils; and changing a two year cropping rotation (from wheat-wheat to legume-wheat). We predict that applying these three changes across the key wheat growing regions in Australia would increase production of wheat and legumes by 17.8 and 5.3 Mt, respectively, over the two-year period. Intensifying Australian production would reduce the need to produce wheat and legumes elsewhere in the world. This would free up agricultural land at the global scale and avoid the need to convert forestland and grassland to cropping lands to meet increasing global demands for wheat. We find that applying these changes across wheat growing zones would reduce the GHGs associated with Australian wheat production by 18.4 Mt CO2-e over the two-year period. Our research supports the notion that intensification of existing agricultural production can provide climate change mitigation. 2Hydroxybenzylamine The impacts of intensification on other environmental indicators also need to be considered by policy makers. BACKGROUND Our studies of children in a rural Bangladeshi area, with varying concentrations of arsenic in well-water, indicated modest impact on child verbal cognitive function at 5 years of age. OBJECTIVES Follow-up of arsenic exposure and children’s cognitive abilities at school-age. METHODS In a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat supplementation trial, we assessed cognitive abilities at 10 years of age (n = 1523), using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Arsenic in maternal urine and erythrocytes in early pregnancy, in child urine at 5 and 10 years, and in hair at 10 years, was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Median urinary arsenic at 10 years was 58 µg/L (range 7.3-940 µg/L). Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that, compared to the first urinary arsenic quintile at 10 years ( less then 30 µg/L), the third and fourth quintiles (30-45 and 46-73 µg/L, respectively) had 6-7 points lower Full developmental raw scores (B -7.23, 95% CI -11.3; -3.