With power conversion efficiency now over 17%, a long operational lifetime is essential for the successful application of organic solar cells. However, most non-fullerene acceptors can crystallize and destroy devices, yet the fundamental underlying thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of acceptor crystallization have received limited attention. Here, room-temperature (RT) diffusion coefficients of 3.4 × 10-23 and 2.0 × 10-22 are measured for ITIC-2Cl and ITIC-2F, two state-of-the-art non-fullerene acceptors. The low coefficients are enough to provide for kinetic stabilization of the morphology against demixing at RT. Additionally profound differences in crystallization characteristics are discovered between ITIC-2F and ITIC-2Cl. The differences as observed by secondary-ion mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and microscopy can be related directly to device degradation and are attributed to the significantly different nucleation and growth rates, with a difference in the growth rate of a factor of 12 at RT. ITIC-4F and ITIC-4Cl exhibit similar characteristics. The results reveal the importance of diffusion coefficients and melting enthalpies in controlling the growth rates, and that differences in halogenation can drastically change crystallization kinetics and device stability. It is furthermore delineated how low nucleation density and large growth rates can be inferred from DSC and microscopy experiments which could be used to guide molecular design for stability.Spontaneous anammox bacteria enrichment at mainstream conditions was reported in a full-scale Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in a temperate zone of China. The mainstream anammox was observed after WWTP process retrofit, which constructed a hybrid sludge retention time (SRT) system by providing moving carriers in the anaerobic/anoxic tank and was initially designed to enhance the denitrification process in a conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process. The hybrid SRT system achieved 86.0 ± 4.6% total nitrogen (TN) removal via combined mainstream anammox and conventional denitrification. Autotrophic denitrification via mainstream anammox was confirmed by various shreds of evidence including high-throughput sequencing, specific anammox activity test, and 15 N isotopic tracing. Long-term anammox bacteria existence in the biofilm of the carrier in anoxic zones was detected in a much higher relative abundance compared with other spots. The contribution of anammox activity to TN removal was estimated at around 20%s for future optimizing mainstream anammox application, and also energy-neutral WWTP process design.

Recent developments in optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology enable direct enface visualisation of retinal nerve fibre bundle (RNFB) loss in glaucoma. However, the optimum depth at which to visualise RNFBs across the retina is unknown. ACP-196 inhibitor We aimed to evaluate the range of depths and optimum depth at which RNFBs can be visualised across the retina in healthy eyes.

The central±25° retina of 10 healthy eyes from 10 people aged 57-75years (median 68.5years) were imaged with spectral domain OCT. Slab images of maximum axial resolution (4μm) containing depth-resolved attenuation coefficients were extracted from 0 to 193.5μm below the inner limiting membrane (ILM). Bundle visibility within 10 regions of a superimposed grid was assessed subjectively by trained optometrists (n=8), according to written instructions. Anterior and posterior limits of RNFB visibility and depth of best visibility were identified for each grid sector. Effects of retinal location and individual eye on RNFB visibility were explored u91), and excellent repeatability (ICC 0.96-0.99). Depth range of visible RNFBs was highly correlated with RNFLT (ρ=0.9, 95%CI 0.86-0.95).

The range of depths with visible RNFBs varies markedly across the healthy retina, consistently with RNFLT. To extract all RNFB information consistently across the retina, slab properties should account for differences across retinal locations and between individual eyes.

The range of depths with visible RNFBs varies markedly across the healthy retina, consistently with RNFLT. To extract all RNFB information consistently across the retina, slab properties should account for differences across retinal locations and between individual eyes.Slot-die coating is generally regarded as the most effective large-scale methodology for the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the corresponding device performance significantly lags behind spin-coated devices. Herein, the active layer morphology, flexible substrate properties, and the processing temperature are optimized synergistically to obtain high power conversion efficiency (PCE) for both the flexible single cells and the modules. As a result, the 1 cm2 flexible devices produce an excellent PCE of 12.16% as compared to 12.37% for the spin-coated small-area (0.04 cm2 ) rigid devices. Likewise, for modules with an area of 25 cm2 , an extraordinary PCE of 10.09% is observed. Hence, efficiency losses associated with the upscaling are significantly reduced by the synergistic optimization. Moreover, after 1000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 10 mm, the flexible devices still produce over 99% of their initial PCE, whereas after being stored for over 6000 h in a glove box, the PCE reaches 103% of its initial value, indicating excellent device flexibility as well as superior shelf stability. These results, thus, are a promising confirmation the great potential for upscaling of large-area OSCs in the near future.Idiopathic cervical root resorption (ICRR) is a rare condition involving the cemento-enamel junction of the teeth. Multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR) involves several teeth with an unknown prevalence and aetiology. The resorptive lesions are often detected on routine radiographs or during clinical examination. The defects are often painless, hence they are usually diagnosed late and in an advanced stage when diagnosed clinically. The restoration of MICRR can be demanding with subsequent loss of the teeth affected. In this report, we describe the case of a 16-year-old female with MICRR, the therapeutic challenges and clinical burden for this young patient over a period of approximately 5 years.